This article was originally published on The Expose. You can read the original article HERE
In response to protests and riots in the last week in the UK, there has been a general feeling among the British public that the police are engaged in two-tier policing – taking a soft approach to certain sectors of the British public while taking an overly aggressive approach towards others. Sir Keir Starmer’s two-tier response to the same protests and riots has significantly aggravated the situation.
While Starmer and his government are pursuing a socialist agenda, could the police’s two-tier response be the result of years of critical social justice activism and accusations of “systemic” or “institutional” racism by British corporate media? An overreaction which fits comfortably into a “preventative state” agenda.
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Last Thursday, reports started emerging that police had orders to randomly arrest people in London so that corporate media could say 100 arrests were made at the “far right” protest held on 1 August.
At the beginning of the video below, you can hear a police officer saying to the others “Just pick one out.”
During the same protest, a video emerged of police handcuffing a 73-year-old woman who has a pacemaker.
Random arrests weren’t only occurring in London. On Tuesday, Leeds resident Nicola Wilcox tearfully recounted on Talk TV how she was a victim of two-tier policing after she was jailed instead of rioters.
“It was the most hideous, alien experience to me. I’ve never been in a police station; I didn’t even know why I was there!”
As the reports of the public being randomly arrested in London were circulating on social media, the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, had this to say:
Prime Minister Keir Starmer announced a new National Violent Disorder Programme to tackle the ongoing riots and violent disorder across the UK and said: “To the Muslim community, let me be very clear, I will take every step that’s necessary to keep you safe.”
A few days later, Starmer once again displayed a two-tier policy. He reiterated his message of reassurance to Muslims whilst ignoring violence perpetuated by Muslim gangs and Muslim protestors carrying knives on the streets.
Like Starmer, Khan is also inciting racial hatred. Khan has tweeted: “To our black and brown and minority communities; never forget that you are loved and wanted in London” and deliberately omitted the word “white” from his pleas for unity. Read more HERE.
While the Government attempts to use this situation to further its agenda of Big Government – a socialist agenda of increased government intervention, ownership and control – there could be other factors playing a role in the police’s two-tier response.
After years of critical social justice activism and (false) accusations of “systemic racism,” could it be that the police are overcompensating for fear of bad publicity about accusations of racism? An overcompensation that conveniently feeds into a “preventative state concept” that some in government and the civil service appear to be working towards and so will encourage.
Preventative State
A preventative state refers to a sovereign state or policy that proactively restricts the freedom of people deemed potentially dangerous, preventing them from committing a crime before it occurs. This approach differs from passive attempts to prevent criminal behaviour, such as statutes regulating behaviour, which Eric S. Janus referred to as “radical prevention”:
Using a phrase coined by Professor Carol Steiker, we are at risk of becoming a “preventive state,” in which the paradigm of governmental social control has shifted from solving and punishing crimes that have been committed, to identifying “dangerous” people and depriving them of their liberty before they can do harm.
The impulse for prevention has taken its strongest form in two disparate areas: the anti-terrorism efforts since 9/11, and ongoing legislative innovations in the campaign against sexual violence. In both areas, the [US] government has erected what Professor Oren Gross has called an “alternate system of justice” in which the normal protections of our civil liberties are substantially degraded in order to make room for an aggressive preventive agenda.
Here, however, I am concerned with a different type of prevention – what might be called radical prevention – that differs from routine prevention…
The Preventive State, Terrorists and Sexual Predators: Countering the Threat of a New Outsider Jurisprudence, Eric S. Janus, 16 March 2005
Michael L. Rich defines the “perfect preventive state” as a situation in which targeted criminal conduct is made impossible by government mandates:
Recently, advancements in technology have begun to open the door to a third approach to crime that this Article calls the “perfect preventive state.” Perfect prevention involves the use of government mandates to make targeted criminal conduct practically impossible.
The Internet allows for crime prevention to be hard-wired into its infrastructure, as anyone who has tried to copy a music file protected by digital rights management technology knows.
And new pharmaceuticals show the promise of preventing one from even forming the will to offend. Just as “chemical castration” seeks to make a sex offender incapable of sexual desire, other drugs reduce anti-social thoughts.
Flipping the Murder Switch: The Limits of the Perfect Preventive State, Michael L. Rich, 2012
In April 2023, Demos, a UK cross-party think tank comprising senior civil servants, government advisors, Members of Parliament and industry leaders, published an essay on how to move from “transactional public services” to “relational public services”:
In this essay, The Preventative State, we argue that we need a state which is more expansive in how it sees the challenge of reforming public services. That’s because to truly reduce demand for public services in the long run, we need to not only prevent problems from arising, but create the conditions for flourishing and resilience within communities. Achieving this means investing in those foundational goods which create the social capital that enables us to lead better lives, without state intervention.
Only then can a truly preventative state emerge.
The Preventative State: Rebuilding our local, social and civic foundations, Demos, 25 April 2023
“This is not just the opinion of Demos,” Andrew O’Brien wrote in Conservative Home. “There was recognition of this ‘double dividend’ in the Levelling Up White Paper which highlighted the importance of social infrastructure and social capital. The New Social Covenant Unit brought together a dozen Conservative MPs that called for the government to focus on rebuilding our social foundations if we wanted to boost growth and improve public services.”
After taking a cursory look at the New Social Covenant Unit website, it seems possible that O’Brien may have been using some artistic licence in comparing it to the preventative state concept.
Demos’ essay mentions policing as an example of areas which “new models and methods” are required to strengthen “the foundations of social and civic institutions, a foundational approach to policy making.”
Key characteristics of preventative state policing include:
- Proactive identification and apprehension of people deemed potentially dangerous.
- Restriction of their freedom to prevent them from committing a crime.
- Focus on preventing criminal behaviour rather than punishing it after the fact.
Apart from the obvious problems of convicting people for a crime they haven’t committed, and may never have committed, some serious problems arise from inherent biases in such a system.
Problems with Preventative State Policing
Yesterday, a Twitter user, Escape Key, tweeted some images with the comment: “Here’s how systemic discrimination is justified by the Fabian Society executive committee member Keir Starmer. #TwoTierKeir indeed.”
The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation founded in 1884 in London. Its purpose is to advance the principles of social democracy and democratic socialism through gradualist and reformist efforts in democracies, rather than revolutionary overthrow. It has been affiliated with the Labour Party since 1906. The influence it has on the Labour Party can be seen by comparing the Fabian Society manifesto to what the actions Labour has been taking since it was elected into government.
Fabian members include well-known Labour Party figures such as former Prime Minister Tony Blair and London Mayor Sadiq Khan.
The current Prime Minister, Keir Starmer, and his deputy, Angela Rayner, are also Fabian socialists. When Starmer became the leader of the Labour Party in 2020, the Fabian Society congratulated him:
The Fabian Society is delighted to congratulate Keir Starmer on his election as leader of the Labour Party. Keir is a member of the Fabian Society’s executive committee and joins the long line of Labour leaders who have been prominent Fabians.
Congratulations also to Angela Rayner on her election as deputy leader. Angela is also an active member of the Fabian Society. Both Keir and Angela have frequently written for the Fabian Society and addressed our conferences and events.
Congratulations to Keir Starmer and Angela Rayner, Fabian Society, 3 April 2020
The first of the images Escape Key shared was what appeared to be the cover of a book or pamphlet published by the Fabian Society. The title of which is ‘One Ethic To Rule Them All: Good Governnanct I is an Ethic Government’. Escape Key didn’t provide a source and we were unable to establish the origins or authenticity of this image.
Escape Key didn’t provide a source for the images that followed either. They appear to be AI-generated answers or summaries. It could be inferred that the summaries relate to the contents of the pamphlet or book published by the Fabian Society shown in the first image. However, Escape Key didn’t explicitly state this to be the case. We also don’t know what the queries were or which AI program was used, if indeed that is what these images are depicting. As with all AI-generated content, facts should be confirmed to source documents – AI can and does get things wrong and can also have built-in biases to only search for information from “approved” sources.
Although there is much that we cannot verify, the text of the images shows us how a preventative state police force can be used to suppress voices or critics as the state chooses. It gives us food for thought in light of the civil unrest in the UK since 30 July and the Government and police response.
Please note: The text is a mixture of American and British spelling; we have not made any edits. Also, it describes policing strategies in the context of discrimination against minorities. However, what people in the UK are experiencing, and have been experiencing for years due to critical social justice activism and policies, is the marginalisation of and discrimination against the majority and/or the native population. The discrimination against minorities referred to below can be applied equally to discrimination against the majority.
Image 1
… police brutality against some people but not others can be the explicit outcome of “Tailored policing strategy” in the context of a “neighbourhood based approach” based on the “Preventative State Concept”
Police brutality against some individuals but not others can indeed be influenced by specific policing strategies. Here’s how it can be understood in the given context:
1. Tailored Policing Strategy: This refers to law enforcement approaches that are specifically designed to address particular issues within certain communities. While this can mean targeting crime hotspots and addressing community-specific problems, it can also result in unequal treatment of different communities. If these strategies are based on biased assumptions or data, they can lead to discriminatory practices where some groups experience higher levels of police brutality compared to others.
2. Neighbourhood-Based Approach: This approach focuses on policing strategies that are customized to the needs of individual neighborhoods. While the intention is often to build better relationships with the community and address specific local issues, it can also mean that neighborhoods perceived as high-risk or problematic might experience more aggressive policing tactics. This can lead to instances of police brutality being more prevalent in certain areas, especially if those areas are predominantly inhabited by marginalized or minority groups.
3. Preventative State Concept: This concept emphasizes the role of the state in preventing crime before it occurs, often through surveillance, early intervention, and community-based strategies. While this can contribute to overall public safety, it can also result in over-policing and the targeting of specific groups perceived as potential threats. This preventive approach can sometimes justify aggressive policing measures in the name of preventing crime, leading to increased brutality against certain populations.
When these concepts intersect, they can create a framework where police brutality is not a random occurrence but rather a systematic outcome of strategic choices. For example, if a tailored policing strategy in a neighborhood-based approach is informed by biased data that links certain communities with higher crime rates, the preventative measures taken might disproportionately target those communities. This can result in higher instances of police brutality against individuals in these communities while others are policed less aggressively.
In summary, the interplay of tailored policing strategies, neighborhood-based approaches, and the preventative state concept can lead to a situation where police brutality is systematically directed at some groups more than others. This can perpetuate cycles of distrust and fear between law enforcement and certain communities, highlighting the need for careful consideration and reform of policing practices to ensure they are equitable and just.
Image 2
… that is explicit systemic discrimination.
You’re correct; this situation can indeed be characterized as explicit systemic discrimination. When policing strategies are designed and implemented in a way that disproportionately targets specific communities, particularly marginalized or minority groups, it results in systemic discrimination. Here’s how each element contributes to this:
1. Tailored Policing Strategy: When these strategies are designed based on biased data or assumptions, they can explicitly target certain communities more heavily than others. For instance, if a strategy is developed with the preconceived notion that a particular ethnic group or neighborhood is more prone to criminal activity, this can lead to increased surveillance, stops, searches, and use of force in these areas, manifesting as systemic discrimination.
2. Neighbourhood-Based Approach: This approach, while aimed at addressing local issues, can reinforce systemic discrimination if it is influenced by stereotypes or historical biases. Neighborhoods predominantly inhabited by minority groups may be labeled as high-crime areas, leading to more aggressive policing tactics. This can perpetuate a cycle where these communities experience higher rates of police brutality and are subjected to discriminatory practices compared to other neighborhoods.
3. Preventative State Concept: The focus on preventing crime before it happens can justify intrusive and aggressive policing measures. If this preventative approach is not applied equitably, it can lead to preemptive actions disproportionately targeting certain groups. For example, enhanced surveillance and stop-and-frisk policies often impact minority communities more severely, contributing to a systemic pattern of discrimination.
Image 3
When these approaches are combined, they can create a framework where discrimination is built into the system. The outcome is that some people, particularly those from marginalized communities, experience higher levels of police brutality and discriminatory treatment, while others do not. This explicit systemic discrimination undermines the principles of justice and equality and highlights the urgent need for reforms in policing practices to ensure fair and equitable treatment for all communities.
Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach, including:
- Policy Reform: Revising laws and policies to eliminate biases and ensure equitable treatment.
- Training and Education: Implementing comprehensive training programs for law enforcement on cultural competency, implicit bias, and de-escalation techniques.
- Community Engagement: Building stronger relationships between police and communities to foster trust and collaboration.
- Accountability: Establishing robust mechanisms for accountability and oversight to ensure that discriminatory practices are identified and addressed.
By tackling these areas, it is possible to move towards a more just and equitable policing system that respects the rights and dignity of all individuals.
Extracted from images provided by Escape Key on Twitter
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