The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine has reached a staggering toll, with nearly one million people killed or wounded in the conflict

Over the two and a half years of fighting, approximately 80,000 Ukrainian troops have been killed, with an additional 400,000 injured. Russian casualties are estimated at around 200,000 dead and 400,000 wounded, though exact numbers remain uncertain, according to a report by the Wall Street Journal which compiled numbers from Western intelligence estimates and a confidential Ukrainian estimate.

Ukraine, which was already facing a demographic crisis before the war, has seen its population drop dramatically. Before Russia's invasion in 2022, Ukraine's population stood at roughly 40 million, having already declined by 8 million from 2001 to 2022. The population within Ukrainian-controlled territory has since fallen to an estimated 25-27 million due to casualties, displacement, and mass emigration.

Political scientist Ivan Krastev explained to the Wall Street Journal the significance of demographics in the conflict, noting that Russian President Vladimir Putin views Ukraine's population as crucial to consolidating Russia’s Slavic identity. 

“For Ukraine, the dilemma is existential: How many people can you lose in a war before losing your future?” Krastev remarked. 

Ukraine’s birth rate has hit record lows during the war, further exacerbating the country’s demographic challenges. This is one of the reasons President Volodymyr Zelensky has avoided drafting men between the ages of 18 to 25, with the average age of Ukrainian troops currently around 43.

Additionally, over 6 million Ukrainians have fled the country since the war began, according to the United Nations. With winter approaching and Russian attacks impacting Ukraine’s energy grid, more people are expected to flee in the coming months.

Zelensky has continued to call on Western allies to expedite the delivery of weapons to support Ukraine's defense. In an interview with CNN, he revealed that nearly half of Ukraine’s brigades in the east lack proper equipment, leaving the region vulnerable to Russian advances.